1. Principles and policies
2. Comparative and theoretical perspectives
3. The objective principle of construction
4. Internal context: the whole contract approach
5. External context: surrounding circumstances, matrix and background
6. Standard form contracts, public policy, and the realms of strict construction and strict compliance
7. Presumptions
8. Maxims
9. Implication of terms: general principles and implied terms at law
10. Implied terms in fact
11. New horizons: good faith, contractual discretions, and human rights
12. Custom and usage
13. Technical and legal language
14. Formation and certainty
15. Proof of terms and incorporation of terms
16. Parties, third party effects, and clauses precluding assignment
17. Rectification and correcting mistakes through construction
18. Common assumptions, estoppel by convention, and estoppel by deed
19. Construction and mistake as a vitiating factor
20. Conditions, warranties, and indemnities
21. Exemption clauses and unfair contract terms
22. Change of circumstances and force majeure clauses
23. Modification of remedies: express termination, retention of title and no set-off clauses
24. Payment, agreed damages, and acceleration clauses
25. Time stipulations
26. The integrity of the instrument: entire agreement and non-reliance clauses
27. The status of instruments: forgeries, deliberate alteration, non est factum, and shams
28. Evidence and practice.