1. Introduction
2. Overview of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
3. The uses of biographical resources
4. Property regimes over biological resources
5. The international environmental regime on plant genetic resources and traditional knowledge
6. Farmers, indigenous and local communities and traditional knowledge
7. The international property rights regime
8. The plant protection provisions of UPOV, the TRIPS agreement and bilateral treaties
9. Access and benefit sharing measures
10. Sui generis legislation
11. Disclosure of origin of genetic resources and traditional knowledge
12. The recognition of traditional knowledge as prior art
13. Conclusion.